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In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil. Earthworks are often known as barrows in England, and mounds in North America.〔Feder,54〕 Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can show features beneath the surface.〔Muir, 77〕 ==Types== Earthworks of interest to archaeologists include hill forts, henges, mounds, platform mounds, effigy mounds, enclosures, long barrows, tumuli, ridge and furrow, mottes, round barrows, and other tombs.〔Wood, 85–96; see also: excavation〕 *Hill forts, a type of fort made out of mostly earth and other natural materials including sand, straw, and water, were built as early as the late Stone Age and were built more frequently during the Bronze Age as a means of protection See also Oppidum. *Henge earthworks are those that consist of a flat area of earth in a circular shape that are encircled by a ditch, or several circular ditches, with a bank on the outside of the ditch built with the earth from inside the ditch. They are believed to have been used as monuments for spiritual ritual ceremonies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/henge.htm )〕 *A mound is a substantial manmade pile of earth or rocks that was frequently created to mark burial sites 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/mound )〕 *Platform mounds are pyramid or rectangular-shaped mounds that are used to hold a building or temple on top.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?category=&where=headword&terms=platform+mound )〕 *An effigy mound is a pile of earth, often very large in scale, that is shaped into the image of a person or animal, often for symbolic or spiritual reasons 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.answers.com/topic/effigy-mound )〕 *An enclosure is a space that is surrounded by an earthwork.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.answers.com/topic/enclosure-archaeology )〕 *Long barrows are oblong-shaped mounds that are used for burials.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/west-kennet-long-barrow.htm )〕 *Tumuli are mounds of earth created over a tomb; it has the same meaning as barrow.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tumulus )〕 *A cross dyke or cross-ridge dyke is a bank and ditch, or sometimes a ditch between two banks, that crosses a ridge or spur of high ground. Found in Europe and often belonging to the later Bronze Age or Iron Age.〔Darvill, Timothy (2008). ''Oxford Concise Dictionary of Archaeology'', 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-953404-3.〕 Often marked on Ordnance Survey maps in the UK.〔Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 Landranger series.〕 *Ridge and furrows are sets of parallel depressions and ridges in the ground formed primarily through historic farming techniques.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.answers.com/topic/ridge-and-furrow-1 )〕 *Mottes are mound structures made of earth and stone that once held castles. They are an important part of the motte-and-bailey castle, a castle design during early Norman times in which the castle is built on the motte, and surrounded by a ditch and a bailey, which is an enclosure with a stone wall.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?category=&where=headword&terms=motte )〕 *A round barrow is a mound that is in a rounded shape that was used during Neolithic times as a burial mound.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/round%20barrow )〕 *Geoglyph, a large design or motif 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Earthworks (archaeology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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